The Price of Labeling Only Severity Endpoints in Image-Quality Calibration

Authors

  • Vincent Knight Author
  • Arthur Lawson Author
  • Gavin Bell Author

Abstract

Could an image-quality study label only the mildest and strongest distortion levels? In KADID-10k metadata, endpoint-only linear curves used 3,250 training scores, compared with 8,125 for curves observing all five levels. On middle levels from sixteen held-out reference images, their mean absolute error was 0.484 rather than 0.341. The paired difference was 0.143 score units, with a reference-level interval of 0.131 to 0.155. Allowing quadratic curvature with the full label set reduced error further to 0.299. This small calibration exercise separates label availability from curve flexibility; it does not measure the accuracy or cost of a trained visual-quality network.

Exploratory calibration study based on public score metadata. Draft interpretation and publication decisions require accountable human review.

Original publication: October 24, 2026.

References

  1. West, Kenneth D.. (1996). Asymptotic Inference about Predictive Ability. Econometrica. https://doi.org/10.2307/2171956.
  2. Talebi, Hossein and Peyman Milanfar. "NIMA: Neural Image Assessment" arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.05424, 2017. https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.05424.
  3. Wang, Zhou, Alan C. Bovik, Hamid R. Sheikh, and Eero P. Simoncelli. "Image Quality Assessment: From Error Visibility to Structural Similarity." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 13, no. 4, 2004, pp. 600-612. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2003.819861.
  4. Wang, Jianyi, et al. "Exploring CLIP for Assessing the Look and Feel of Images." arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.12396, 2022. https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.12396.
  5. Zhang, Richard, et al. "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metric" arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.03924, 2018. https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.03924.
  6. Meng, Zijie. (2026). Decoupling Semantics from Distortions: Multi-Scale Two-Stream Vision-Language Alignment for AI-Generated Image Quality Assessment. arXiv:2606.16799. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.16799.
  7. Huber, Peter J.. (1964). Robust Estimation of a Location Parameter. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177703732.
  8. Wasserstein, Ronald L.; Lazar, Nicole A.. (2016). The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose. The American Statistician. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108.
  9. Hyndman, Rob J. and Anne B. Koehler. “Another look at measures of forecast accuracy.” International Journal of Forecasting, vol. 22, no. 4, 2006, pp. 679-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2006.03.001.
  10. Roberts, David R., et al. “Cross-validation strategies for data with temporal, spatial, hierarchical, or phylogenetic structure.” Ecography, vol. 40, no. 8, 2017, pp. 913-929. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02881.
  11. Ke, Junjie, et al. "MUSIQ: Multi-scale Image Quality Transformer" arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.05997, 2021. https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.05997.
  12. Cook, R. Dennis. (1977). Detection of Influential Observation in Linear Regression. Technometrics. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1977.10489493.
  13. Mittal, A., et al. "Making a “Completely Blind” Image Quality Analyzer" IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2012.2227726.
  14. Little, Roderick J. A., and Donald B. Rubin. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. Wiley, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119013563.
  15. Wilkinson, Mark D.; Dumontier, Michel; Aalbersberg, IJsbrand Jan; Appleton, Gabrielle; Axton, Myles; Baak, Arie; Blomberg, Niklas; Boiten, Jan-Willem; da Silva Santos, Luiz Bonino; Bourne, Philip E.; Bouwman, Jildau; Brookes, Anthony J.; Clark, Tim; Crosas, Mercè; Dillo, Ingrid; Dumon, Olivier; Edmunds, Scott; Evelo, Chris T.; Finkers, Richard; Gonzalez-Beltran, Alejandra; Gray, Alasdair J.G.; Groth, Paul; Goble, Carole; Grethe, Jeffrey S.; Heringa, Jaap; ’t Hoen, Peter A.C; Hooft, Rob; Kuhn, Tobias; Kok, Ruben; Kok, Joost; Lusher, Scott J.; Martone, Maryann E.; Mons, Albert; Packer, Abel L.; Persson, Bengt; Rocca-Serra, Philippe; Roos, Marco; van Schaik, Rene; Sansone, Susanna-Assunta; Schultes, Erik; Sengstag, Thierry; Slater, Ted; Strawn, George; Swertz, Morris A.; Thompson, Mark; van der Lei, Johan; van Mulligen, Erik; Velterop, Jan; Waagmeester, Andra; Wittenburg, Peter; Wolstencroft, Katherine; Zhao, Jun; Mons, Barend. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18.
  16. Lin, Hanhe, et al. "KADID-10k: A Large-scale Artificially Distorted IQA Database" 2019 Eleventh International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX), 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/qomex.2019.8743252.
  17. Varma, Sudhir and Richard Simon. “Bias in error estimation when using cross-validation for model selection.” BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 7, no. 1, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-7-91.
  18. White, Halbert. “A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity.” Econometrica, vol. 48, no. 4, 1980, pp. 817-838. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912934.
  19. Hampel, Frank R.. (1974). The Influence Curve and its Role in Robust Estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1974.10482962.
  20. Ding, Keyan, et al. "Image Quality Assessment: Unifying Structure and Texture Similarity." arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.07728, 2020. https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.07728.
  21. Rousseeuw, Peter J.. (1984). Least Median of Squares Regression. Journal of the American Statistical Association. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1984.10477105.
  22. Gebru, Timnit, et al. "Datasheets for datasets" Communications of the ACM, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3458723.
  23. Benjamini, Yoav and Yosef Hochberg. “Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology, vol. 57, no. 1, 1995, pp. 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x.
  24. Benjamini, Yoav and Daniel Yekutieli. “The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency.” The Annals of Statistics, vol. 29, no. 4, 2001, pp. 1165-1188. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1013699998.
  25. Carroll, Raymond J., David Ruppert, Leonard A. Stefanski, and Ciprian M. Crainiceanu. “Measurement Error in Nonlinear Models.” 2006. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420010138.
  26. Bühlmann, Peter. (2002). Bootstraps for Time Series. Statistical Science. https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1023798998.
  27. Yang, Sidi, et al. "MANIQA: Multi-dimension Attention Network for No-Reference Image Quality Assessment." arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.08958, 2022. https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.08958.
  28. Hosu, Vlad, et al. "KonIQ-10k: An ecologically valid database for deep learning of blind image quality assessment" arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.06180, 2019. https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.06180.
  29. Guo, Chuan, Geoff Pleiss, Yu Sun, and Kilian Q. Weinberger. “On Calibration of Modern Neural Networks.” Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR, vol. 70, 2017, pp. 1321-1330. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v70/guo17a.html.
  30. Gneiting, Tilmann; Raftery, Adrian E. (2007). Strictly Proper Scoring Rules, Prediction, and Estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association. https://doi.org/10.1198/016214506000001437.

Downloads

Published

2026-10-24