Faster on Which Platform? Heterogeneous Timing Gains in an Image-Quality Toolbox
Abstract
The phrase GPU acceleration can conceal a very uneven computational tradeoff. In seventy-four paired timing records from a pinned public image-quality toolbox, the geometric CPU-to-GPU time ratio was 8.98, but four metrics were slower in the GPU column. The two platforms reversed 682 of 2,701 pairwise speed comparisons. Larger reported GPU memory allocation was associated with a larger timing ratio, without identifying why. These findings favor platform-specific feasibility checks over a single acceleration factor for an entire assessment pipeline.
Secondary analysis of published platform measurements. The reported timings were not collected on this computer and do not measure energy consumption or image-quality accuracy.
Original publication: October 28, 2026.
References
- Paszke, Adam; Gross, Sam; Massa, Francisco; Lerer, Adam; Bradbury, James; Chanan, Gregory; Killeen, Trevor; Lin, Zeming; Gimelshein, Natalia; Antiga, Luca; Desmaison, Alban; Köpf, Andreas; Yang, Edward; DeVito, Zach; Raison, Martin; Tejani, Alykhan; Chilamkurthy, Sasank; Steiner, Benoit; Fang, Lu; Bai, Junjie; Chintala, Soumith. (2019). PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.01703.
- Ying, Zhenqiang, et al. "From Patches to Pictures (PaQ-2-PiQ): Mapping the Perceptual Space of Picture Quality." arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.10088, 2019. https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.10088.
- Gebru, Timnit, et al. "Datasheets for datasets" Communications of the ACM, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3458723.
- Meng, Zijie. (2026). Decoupling Semantics from Distortions: Multi-Scale Two-Stream Vision-Language Alignment for AI-Generated Image Quality Assessment. arXiv:2606.16799. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.16799.
- Cameron, A. Colin, and Douglas L. Miller. “A Practitioner’s Guide to Cluster-Robust Inference.” Journal of Human Resources, vol. 50, no. 2, 2015, pp. 317-372. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.50.2.317.
- Stevens, S. S.. (1946). On the Theory of Scales of Measurement. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.103.2684.677.
- Cook, R. Dennis. (1977). Detection of Influential Observation in Linear Regression. Technometrics. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1977.10489493.
- Wang, Jianyi, et al. "Exploring CLIP for Assessing the Look and Feel of Images." arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.12396, 2022. https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.12396.
- Wilkinson, Mark D.; Dumontier, Michel; Aalbersberg, IJsbrand Jan; Appleton, Gabrielle; Axton, Myles; Baak, Arie; Blomberg, Niklas; Boiten, Jan-Willem; da Silva Santos, Luiz Bonino; Bourne, Philip E.; Bouwman, Jildau; Brookes, Anthony J.; Clark, Tim; Crosas, Mercè; Dillo, Ingrid; Dumon, Olivier; Edmunds, Scott; Evelo, Chris T.; Finkers, Richard; Gonzalez-Beltran, Alejandra; Gray, Alasdair J.G.; Groth, Paul; Goble, Carole; Grethe, Jeffrey S.; Heringa, Jaap; ’t Hoen, Peter A.C; Hooft, Rob; Kuhn, Tobias; Kok, Ruben; Kok, Joost; Lusher, Scott J.; Martone, Maryann E.; Mons, Albert; Packer, Abel L.; Persson, Bengt; Rocca-Serra, Philippe; Roos, Marco; van Schaik, Rene; Sansone, Susanna-Assunta; Schultes, Erik; Sengstag, Thierry; Slater, Ted; Strawn, George; Swertz, Morris A.; Thompson, Mark; van der Lei, Johan; van Mulligen, Erik; Velterop, Jan; Waagmeester, Andra; Wittenburg, Peter; Wolstencroft, Katherine; Zhao, Jun; Mons, Barend. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18.
- Ponomarenko, Nikolay; Jin, Lina; Ieremeiev, Oleg; Lukin, Vladimir; Egiazarian, Karen; Astola, Jaakko; Vozel, Benoit; Chehdi, Kacem; Carli, Marco; Battisti, Federica; Jay Kuo, C.-C.. (2015). Image database TID2013: Peculiarities, results and perspectives. Signal Processing: Image Communication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.image.2014.10.009.
- Yang, Sidi, et al. "MANIQA: Multi-dimension Attention Network for No-Reference Image Quality Assessment." arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.08958, 2022. https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.08958.
- Mittal, A., et al. "Making a “Completely Blind” Image Quality Analyzer" IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2012.2227726.
- Ke, Junjie, et al. "MUSIQ: Multi-scale Image Quality Transformer" arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.05997, 2021. https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.05997.
- Zhang, Richard, et al. "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metric" arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.03924, 2018. https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.03924.
- Lin Zhang, ; Lei Zhang, ; Xuanqin Mou, ; Zhang, D.. (2011). FSIM: A Feature Similarity Index for Image Quality Assessment. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2011.2109730.
- Fang, Yuming; Zhu, Hanwei; Zeng, Yan; Ma, Kede; Wang, Zhou. (2020). Perceptual Quality Assessment of Smartphone Photography. CVPR 2020, 3677-3686. https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2020/html/Fang_Perceptual_Quality_Assessment_of_Smartphone_Photography_CVPR_2020_paper.html.
- Bland, J. Martin, and Douglas G. Altman. "Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement." The Lancet, vol. 327, no. 8476, 1986, pp. 307-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8.
- Chen, Chaofeng; Mo, Jiadi. (2022). IQA-PyTorch: PyTorch Toolbox for Image Quality Assessment. Software repository. https://github.com/chaofengc/IQA-PyTorch/tree/d47b7ac72ed25388371d0b637076c125cdb95a3c.
- Mytkowicz, Todd; Diwan, Amer; Hauswirth, Matthias; Sweeney, Peter F.. (2009). Producing wrong data without doing anything obviously wrong!. Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/1508244.1508275.
- White, Halbert. “A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity.” Econometrica, vol. 48, no. 4, 1980, pp. 817-838. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912934.
- Harris, Charles R.; Millman, K. Jarrod; van der Walt, Stéfan J.; Gommers, Ralf; Virtanen, Pauli; Cournapeau, David; Wieser, Eric; Taylor, Julian; Berg, Sebastian; Smith, Nathaniel J.; Kern, Robert; Picus, Matti; Hoyer, Stephan; van Kerkwijk, Marten H.; Brett, Matthew; Haldane, Allan; del Río, Jaime Fernández; Wiebe, Mark; Peterson, Pearu; Gérard-Marchant, Pierre; Sheppard, Kevin; Reddy, Tyler; Weckesser, Warren; Abbasi, Hameer; Gohlke, Christoph; Oliphant, Travis E.. (2020). Array programming with NumPy. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2.
- Ding, Keyan, et al. "Image Quality Assessment: Unifying Structure and Texture Similarity." arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.07728, 2020. https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.07728.
- Kalibera, Tomas; Jones, Richard. (2013). Rigorous benchmarking in reasonable time. Proceedings of the 2013 international symposium on memory management. https://doi.org/10.1145/2464157.2464160.
- Goldberg, David. (1991). What every computer scientist should know about floating-point arithmetic. ACM Computing Surveys. https://doi.org/10.1145/103162.103163.
- Gu, Jinjin; Cai, Haoming; Chen, Haoyu; Ye, Xiaoxing; Ren, Jimmy; Dong, Chao. (2020). PIPAL: a Large-Scale Image Quality Assessment Dataset for Perceptual Image Restoration. https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.12142.
- Virtanen, Pauli; Gommers, Ralf; Oliphant, Travis E.; Haberland, Matt; Reddy, Tyler; Cournapeau, David; Burovski, Evgeni; Peterson, Pearu; Weckesser, Warren; Bright, Jonathan; van der Walt, Stéfan J.; Brett, Matthew; Wilson, Joshua; Millman, K. Jarrod; Mayorov, Nikolay; Nelson, Andrew R. J.; Jones, Eric; Kern, Robert; Larson, Eric; Carey, C J; Polat, İlhan; Feng, Yu; Moore, Eric W.; VanderPlas, Jake; Laxalde, Denis; Perktold, Josef; Cimrman, Robert; Henriksen, Ian; Quintero, E. A.; Harris, Charles R.; Archibald, Anne M.; Ribeiro, Antônio H.; Pedregosa, Fabian; van Mulbregt, Paul; SciPy 1.0 Contributors; Vijaykumar, Aditya; Bardelli, Alessandro Pietro; Rothberg, Alex; Hilboll, Andreas; Kloeckner, Andreas; Scopatz, Anthony; Lee, Antony; Rokem, Ariel; Woods, C. Nathan; Fulton, Chad; Masson, Charles; Häggström, Christian; Fitzgerald, Clark; Nicholson, David A.; Hagen, David R.; Pasechnik, Dmitrii V.; Olivetti, Emanuele; Martin, Eric; Wieser, Eric; Silva, Fabrice; Lenders, Felix; Wilhelm, Florian; Young, G.; Price, Gavin A.; Ingold, Gert-Ludwig; Allen, Gregory E.; Lee, Gregory R.; Audren, Hervé; Probst, Irvin; Dietrich, Jörg P.; Silterra, Jacob; Webber, James T; Slavič, Janko; Nothman, Joel; Buchner, Johannes; Kulick, Johannes; Schönberger, Johannes L.; de Miranda Cardoso, José Vinícius; Reimer, Joscha; Harrington, Joseph; Rodríguez, Juan Luis Cano; Nunez-Iglesias, Juan; Kuczynski, Justin; Tritz, Kevin; Thoma, Martin; Newville, Matthew; Kümmerer, Matthias; Bolingbroke, Maximilian; Tartre, Michael; Pak, Mikhail; Smith, Nathaniel J.; Nowaczyk, Nikolai; Shebanov, Nikolay; Pavlyk, Oleksandr; Brodtkorb, Per A.; Lee, Perry; McGibbon, Robert T.; Feldbauer, Roman; Lewis, Sam; Tygier, Sam; Sievert, Scott; Vigna, Sebastiano; Peterson, Stefan; More, Surhud; Pudlik, Tadeusz; Oshima, Takuya; Pingel, Thomas J.; Robitaille, Thomas P.; Spura, Thomas; Jones, Thouis R.; Cera, Tim; Leslie, Tim; Zito, Tiziano; Krauss, Tom; Upadhyay, Utkarsh; Halchenko, Yaroslav O.; Vázquez-Baeza, Yoshiki. (2020). SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2.
- Mittal, A.; Moorthy, A. K.; Bovik, A. C.. (2012). No-Reference Image Quality Assessment in the Spatial Domain. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2012.2214050.
- Hosu, Vlad, et al. "KonIQ-10k: An ecologically valid database for deep learning of blind image quality assessment" arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.06180, 2019. https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.06180.
- Williams, Samuel; Waterman, Andrew; Patterson, David. (2009). Roofline: an insightful visual performance model for multicore architectures. Communications of the ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1498765.1498785.
- Talebi, Hossein and Peyman Milanfar. "NIMA: Neural Image Assessment" arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.05424, 2017. https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.05424.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Noah Crawford, Samuel Lawson, Benjamin Lewis

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.